Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses. They help make your sentences more complex and interesting. There are three main types:
Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) → connect equal parts
Subordinating Conjunctions → connect dependent clauses to independent clauses
Correlative Conjunctions → work in pairs
• I like tea and coffee. (coordinating)
• I stayed home because I was sick. (subordinating)
• Both my sister and my brother are doctors. (correlative)
📝 2. Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
FANBOYS is the acronym for the seven coordinating conjunctions:
Conjunction
Meaning/Use
Example
F = for
reason, cause
I was tired, for I had worked all day.
A = and
addition
I bought apples and bananas.
N = nor
negative addition
He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink.
B = but
contrast
I wanted to go, but I was too tired.
O = or
alternative/choice
Do you want tea or coffee?
Y = yet
contrast (similar to but)
She is rich, yet she is unhappy.
S = so
result/consequence
It was raining, so I stayed home.
💡 Punctuation Tip: When joining two independent clauses, use a comma before the FANBOYS conjunction.
📝 3. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. They show relationships like time, cause, condition, contrast, etc.
Common subordinating conjunctions:
• because, since, as (cause/reason)
• although, though, even though (contrast/concession)
• if, unless, provided that (condition)
• when, while, as soon as, before, after, until (time)
• so that, in order that (purpose)
• where, wherever (place)
• I stayed home because I was sick.
• Although it was raining, we went out.
• If you study, you will pass.
• I will call you when I arrive.
• He worked hard so that he could succeed.
📝 4. Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions come in pairs to connect equal grammatical structures.
• both...and: Both my brother and my sister are doctors.
• either...or: You can either pay now or later.
• neither...nor: Neither John nor Mary was late.
• not only...but also: She not only sings but also dances.
• whether...or: I don't know whether to stay or go.
💡 Important: Make sure the structures after each part of the pair are parallel (same grammatical form).
FOR (reason) - 5 examples
1. I was tired, for I had worked all day. 2. He was hungry, for he hadn't eaten breakfast. 3. She was happy, for she had received good news. 4. We were late, for the traffic was terrible. 5. They were excited, for they were going on vacation.
AND (addition) - 5 examples
6. I bought apples and bananas. 7. She sings and dances beautifully. 8. He is smart and hardworking. 9. We visited London and Paris. 10. The food was delicious and cheap.
NOR (negative addition) - 5 examples
11. He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink. 12. She didn't call, nor did she text. 13. He can't swim, nor can he ride a bike. 14. They didn't complain, nor did they ask for a refund. 15. She wasn't angry, nor was she disappointed.
BUT (contrast) - 5 examples
16. I wanted to go, but I was too tired. 17. She is rich, but she is unhappy. 18. He studied hard, but he failed. 19. The car is old, but it runs well. 20. I like coffee, but I don't like tea.
OR (choice) - 5 examples
21. Do you want tea or coffee? 22. You can pay now or later. 23. Should we stay or should we go? 24. Is she coming or not? 25. You can take the bus or the train.
YET (contrast) - 5 examples
26. She is rich, yet she is unhappy. 27. He worked hard, yet he failed. 28. The food looked good, yet it tasted bad. 29. She is very busy, yet she always helps others. 30. He promised to come, yet he didn't.
SO (result) - 5 examples
31. It was raining, so I stayed home. 32. He was tired, so he went to bed early. 33. She studied hard, so she passed the exam. 34. The store was closed, so we went home. 35. I was hungry, so I made a sandwich.
📌 Subordinating Conjunctions (35 examples)
Because (cause) - 5 examples
36. I stayed home because I was sick. 37. She passed because she studied hard. 38. He was late because there was traffic. 39. We canceled the picnic because it was raining. 40. I like her because she is honest.
Although/Though (contrast) - 5 examples
41. Although it was raining, we went out. 42. Though he is rich, he is not happy. 43. Although she studied, she failed. 44. He passed the test although it was difficult. 45. Though the food was expensive, it was delicious.
If (condition) - 5 examples
46. If you study, you will pass. 47. If it rains, we will stay home. 48. I will go if you invite me. 49. If she calls, tell her I'm busy. 50. If you need help, ask me.
When/While (time) - 5 examples
51. I will call you when I arrive. 52. While I was cooking, the phone rang. 53. When she saw me, she smiled. 54. He fell asleep while watching TV. 55. When you finish, let me know.
Before/After - 5 examples
56. I will call you before I leave. 57. After she finished work, she went home. 58. Before you go, say goodbye. 59. After the movie ended, we went for coffee. 60. I always brush my teeth before I go to bed.
So that (purpose) - 5 examples
61. He worked hard so that he could succeed. 62. She saved money so that she could travel. 63. I left early so that I wouldn't be late. 64. He spoke slowly so that everyone could understand. 65. She studies hard so that she can get good grades.
Unless (negative condition) - 5 examples
66. You won't pass unless you study. 67. Unless it rains, we will go to the beach. 68. I won't go unless you come with me. 69. Unless you apologize, she won't forgive you. 70. Don't call me unless it's urgent.
📌 Correlative Conjunctions (30 examples)
Both...and (15 examples)
71. Both my brother and my sister are doctors. 72. She is both intelligent and hardworking. 73. We visited both London and Paris. 74. He can both sing and dance. 75. Both the food and the service were excellent. 76. She speaks both English and French. 77. He is both a teacher and a writer. 78. Both John and Mary are coming. 79. She likes both coffee and tea. 80. He is both kind and generous. 81. Both the students and the teachers enjoyed the trip. 82. She is both beautiful and intelligent. 83. He enjoys both reading and writing. 84. Both my mother and my father work. 85. She is both a doctor and a mother.
Either...or (5 examples)
86. You can either pay now or later. 87. Either you apologize, or I will leave. 88. He is either at home or at work. 89. You can either take the bus or the train. 90. Either she forgot or she didn't care.
Neither...nor (5 examples)
91. Neither John nor Mary was late. 92. He neither smokes nor drinks. 93. Neither the food nor the service was good. 94. She neither called nor texted. 95. I like neither coffee nor tea.
Not only...but also (5 examples)
96. She not only sings but also dances. 97. He is not only intelligent but also hardworking. 98. Not only did she pass, but she also got the highest score. 99. The car is not only fast but also economical. 100. She not only speaks English but also French.
❌ 6. Common Mistakes
Mistake
Correction
❌ I like tea but I don't like coffee. (no comma with two independent clauses)
✅ I like tea, but I don't like coffee.
❌ Because he was sick, so he stayed home.
✅ Because he was sick, he stayed home. OR He was sick, so he stayed home.
❌ He is both intelligent and he is hardworking.
✅ He is both intelligent and hardworking. (parallel structure)
❌ Neither John or Mary came.
✅ Neither John nor Mary came.
❌ Although it was raining, but we went out.
✅ Although it was raining, we went out. OR It was raining, but we went out.
⚠️ Important Rules:
1. Use a comma before a FANBOYS conjunction when joining two independent clauses.
2. Do not use both a subordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction together.
3. Keep the grammatical structure parallel after correlative conjunctions.
4. "Neither" is always paired with "nor", "either" with "or".
✍️ 7. Practice Exercises
Exercise 1: Choose the correct conjunction
1. I wanted to go, ______ I was too tired. (but/so)
2. He is ______ intelligent ______ hardworking. (both/and, either/or)
3. I stayed home ______ I was sick. (so/because)
4. ______ it was raining, we went out. (Although/Because)
5. You can ______ pay now ______ later. (neither/nor, either/or)
Exercise 2: Combine the sentences using a conjunction
1. I was tired. I went to bed early. → ____________________
2. He studied hard. He failed the exam. → ____________________
3. She is rich. She is unhappy. → ____________________
4. It was raining. We stayed home. → ____________________
5. You study. You will pass. → ____________________
Exercise 3: Correct the mistakes
1. I like tea but I don't like coffee. → ____________________
2. Because he was sick, so he stayed home. → ____________________
3. He is both intelligent and he is hardworking. → ____________________
4. Neither John or Mary came. → ____________________
5. Although it was raining, but we went out. → ____________________
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
Q1.What is the difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions?▼
Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) connect two equal independent clauses. Subordinating conjunctions (because, although, if, when, while, since) connect a dependent clause to an independent clause, showing a relationship like cause, time, or condition.
Q2.What are correlative conjunctions?▼
Correlative conjunctions come in pairs to connect equal grammatical structures. Common pairs: both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, whether...or.
Q3.Do I need a comma before 'but' or 'so'?▼
In general, use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) when it joins two independent clauses. Example: 'I wanted to go, but I was too tired.' If the clauses are short, the comma is optional.