📚 Academic English: Complete Guide for University Students (B2-C1)

Introduction (10-15% of word count)
- Hook (attention-grabbing first sentence)
- Background information (context)
- Thesis statement (main argument)

Body paragraphs (70-80%)
- Topic sentence (main idea of paragraph)
- Evidence (examples, data, quotes)
- Analysis (your explanation)
- Concluding sentence (link to next)

Conclusion (10-15%)
- Restate thesis (in different words)
- Summarize main points
- Final thought / implication

Sublist 1 (most common): analyse, approach, area, assess, assume, available, benefit, concept, consist, context, contract, create, data, define, derive, distribute, economy, environment, establish, estimate, evidence, export, factor, finance, formula, function, identify, income, indicate, individual, interpret, involve, issue, labour, legal, legislate, major, method, occur, percent, period, policy, principle, proceed, process, require, research, respond, role, section, sector, significant, similar, source, specific, structure, theory, vary
Sublist 2: achieve, acquire, affect, appropriate, aspect, assist, category, chapter, commission, community, complex, compute, conclude, conduct, consequent, construct, consume, culture, design, distinct, element, equate, evaluate, feature, final, focus, impact, injure, institute, invest, item, journal, maintain, normal, obtain, participate, perceive, positive, potential, previous, primary, purchase, range, region, regulate, relevant, reside, resource, restrict, secure, seek, select, site, strategy, survey, text, tradition, transfer

Original: "Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time."
Paraphrase: "Few challenges are as urgent as the current global climate crisis."

Techniques:
- Change vocabulary (use synonyms)
- Change sentence structure (active ↔ passive)
- Change word order
- Change word forms (noun to verb)
- Combine or split sentences

APA (7th ed.) – Social Sciences
In-text: (Smith, 2020, p. 15)
Reference: Smith, J. (2020). Title. Publisher.

MLA (9th ed.) – Humanities
In-text: (Smith 15)
Works Cited: Smith, John. Title. Publisher, 2020.

Chicago (Notes & Bibliography) – History
Footnote: 1. John Smith, Title (Publisher, 2020), 15.
Bibliography: Smith, John. Title. Publisher, 2020.

✅ Do:
- Use formal vocabulary (investigate → not look into)
- Avoid contractions (do not → not don't)
- Use third person (the study shows → not I think)
- Be precise and specific
- Use hedging (suggests, indicates, appears)

❌ Don't:
- Use slang or colloquialisms
- Use emotional language (amazing, terrible)
- Use rhetorical questions
- Use "you" or "we"

Abstract: Summary of whole paper
Introduction: Background, research question, hypothesis
Methods: How you conducted the study
Results: What you found (tables, graphs, statistics)
Discussion: Interpretation, limitations, future research
Conclusion: Summary and implications
References: All cited sources